Code Switching Used in Novel “The Player” By Alia Zalea

ABSTRACT


Introduction
Indonesia as a country with multiculturalism shapes its people to adapt, learn and produce ways of communicating as a bridge between barrier of different cultures and languages. According to the data from Suara Pemerintah, a digital news portal that provides leading government and economic news, Indonesia has an estimated 270 million population with more than 360 distinct ethnic and linguistic groups over 17.508 islands. As the result, people in Indonesia often speak more than one language and it is including influence of international languages. It is proven by a statement from The Jakarta Post that said, "With no less than 700 local languages actively spoken, Indonesia is undoubtedly one of the most multilingual countries in the world, making people at least bilingual at a very young age." Bilingualism is the term for the phenomenon of speaking two languages. Meanwhile, multilingualism is another term for speaking more than two languages.
Growing children with bilingual or multilingual ability often experience alteration in their languages within a single discourse or speech (Tunaz, M., 2016). It could happen unintentionally or with a specific purpose. It is a common occurrence which known as code switching. Code switching is a phenomenon that occurs when people in conversation use two or more languages. As stated by Bullock & Toribio (2009:2), code switching is defined as "the ability to alternate between languages in an unchanged setting". Code switching used by the speakers in their speech could take different forms including changes in sentences, narratives that become longer, and the two languages are interconnected. Code switching is not only used as a communication tool, as an exercise in communication, but covers aspects of society, including ethnic identity. Furthermore, MacSwan (2000) as citied from Tunaz, M. (2016), noted that code switching might be perceived as a prestigious indicator of linguistic ability in many cultures.
The use of code switching does not only occur in direct speech but also in written works. As stated by Duah and Marjie (2013) in their research regarding code-switching in written communication, "Code switching is used as an alternative primary communicative platform for people from all walks of life to share their educational, cultural and bilingual experiences in the absence of faceto-face talk". They stated that many studies have revealed some level of consistency in the use of language changes in written communication. In fiction, as stated by Callahan (2004), code-switching most often occurs in dialogue and in stream of consciousness writing.
Aliazalea as one of the Indonesian novelists who has produced many famous works applies code switching in her novel entitled The Player. This is an interesting point to analyse in relation to the fact that code switching provides authors the opportunity to use the best appropriate language for what they are trying to convey. The style of language in fiction that tends to be free and does not require formality supports the use of code switching in character utterances. In relation to this phenomenon, this study has two problems to discuss regarding the use of code switching in the novel The Player by Aliazalea: (i) to identify the types of code switching used in the novel and (ii) to explain the function of code switching used in the novel.

Literature Review
There are some related writings that have been reviewed for this study as a means of comparison. First, the study titled An Analysis of Code Switching in the Novel "9 Summers 10 Autumns" written by Wenny Yuliani. The aim of this study is to describe the types and the functions of code switching uttered by the characters. The researcher applied a non-participatory observational method by Sudaryanto (1993) to collect the data. Furthermore, Hoffman's theory (1996) was used to analyse the types of code switching and the second one is Gumperz's theory (1982) was used to analyse the functions of code switching. The result found that the novel consists of inter-sentential switching (15 times), intrasentential switching (4 times), and emblematic switching (2 times). The functions found are message qualification, addressee specification, interjection, and personalization. This study analysed very detailed according to the theories. However, the researcher did not provide enough evidence from the data to prove her conclusion of the study. In relevance to this study, both writings analysed types of code switching in a novel with Hoffman's theory.
The second study is the work by Ary Iswanto Wibowo, Idah Yuniasih, and Fera Nelfianti entitled Analysis of Types Code Switching and Code Mixing by The Sixth President of Republic Indonesia's Speech at The National of Independence Day. This study aims to describe the use of code switching and code mixing in the speech of the spoken language. Qualitative research was used by the researcher with several steps to collect the data such as observing and reviewing the speech, and choosing sentences containing code switching and code mixing. The data is obtained from script documented and grounded theories were used to analyse it. There are three types of code switching (tag, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential) and three types of code mixing (insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization) were found in this study as the result. They used tables to describe the code mixing and code switching found but also included sentences that contained those phrases. At the end of the discussion, they included a conclusion on the use of code switching and code mixing in the form of a table that is easy for readers to understand. However, they did not include a more detailed description of the analysis results.
The last study is the research by Yunita Sari entitled The Analysis of Code Switching Found in Music Program "Breakout" Net. Tv. This study describes the types of code switching and explains the functions of code switching used by the presenters in Breakout NET TV. The writer watched a video of Breakout NET.TV on platform Youtube in order to collect the data and made transcriptions of the conversation by the presenters. Descriptive qualitative method was used to analysed the data by the researcher. She used theory proposed by Poplack (1995) to analyse the types of code switching and the theory proposed by Appel and Muysken (1987) for functions of code switching. The analysis resulted that there are 3 types of switching that occur in the data (tag switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching) and only 4 out of 6 functions appeared (referential function, directive function, phatic function, and metalinguistic function). The interesting part of this study is the author included her opinion on the reasons for the presenters of the music program Breakout NET. TV used code switching. She stated the possible reason was because of the topics discussed and the ability of the two presenters to master two languages which then influenced the code switching to occur.
In this study, there are two theories used in order to help analysed the use of code switching in the novel The Player by Aliazalea. The main theory is types of code switching proposed by Hoffman (1991). The supporting theory is a function of code switching proposed by Gumperz (1982).
According to Hoffman (1991), there are three types of code switching: 1) Inter-sentential switching This type of code switching occurs between sentence boundaries, where two different sentences are uttered in two different languages. For example, when an Indonesian-English bilingual student says, "Tugasnya sulit sekali. Now, I feel my head will explode". This utterance started in Indonesian then switched to English in the next sentence. This is classified into inter-sentential switching.
2) Intra-sentential switching This type of code switching occurs within one sentence. This switching applies when lexical items in one code are inserted in a sentence which in another code. For example, an Indonesian-English adult says, "I swear to God kalau kamu tidak pergi sekarang, I will hit your head dengan kamus ini."

3) Emblematic switching
This type of code switching occurs as tags, exclamation, and certain set phrases in one language inserted into another language in an utterance. For example, a woman in shock says, "Really?! Aku kira dia sudah memiliki kekasih?" Gumperz (1982) stated that alternation of languages has an expressive function and pragmatic purpose. He then proposed a number of functions of code switching as follow: a) Quotation This function applies in the switching when the speaker quoted other people's speech, mostly the famous one. It could be identified with the use of direct quotation or reported speech. b) Addressee specification This function occurs in the switching used to attract the attention of the addressee to participate in the conversation. This switching could be directed to more than one addressee. c) Interjection The switching occurs to mark an interjection or sentence filler in the form of words or particular expressions. The function of this switching is to gain attention from the addressee, show strong emotion, and express surprise.

d) Reiteration
This function works as repetition. The switch used to emphasize the message by repeating or modifying it in another form of language. It could also work as clarification. e) Message qualification This switching is used as a qualification message to the main message conveyed in another language. It occurs as the main topic introduced in one language and the commented part switched into another language.

f) Personalization versus Objectivization
This function occurs in the switching related to the distinction between the talk about action and talk as the action. It could show the degree of speaker involvement in the conversation they do, the distance between the speaker and the addressee whether it conveys speaker's personal opinion or knowledge in the utterance, or refers to specific instances or has the authority of general known fact.

Method
This study used data from a fiction story. It is a novel entitled The Player written by a famous Indonesian female author, Aliazalea. It was first published in 2020 as the fourth novel in the Pentagon Series. This novel was chosen because it provided data related to code switching usage in Indonesian fiction. The characters in the novel often use code-switching. Furthermore, the background of the main male character that is told comes from two different cultures, causing him to master 3 different languages, making him multilingual. The characters depiction as multilingual allows the author to look for the right word among the repertoires available across languages (Hassan, D., 2018) Documentation and observation were used as the methods to collect the data supported by the note-taking technique. The data collected through several steps. The first step, the novel was read intensively and repeatedly in order to comprehend the content of the story. The second step was to read sources such as journals and analysis by browsing the internet to obtain further knowledge in regard to analyse the data. The next step, note down part of the novel which provides information that is relevant to the topic of the study.
The data was analysed used content analysis method with descriptive presentation. All the data collected was analysed based on the theoretical framework. The data were read to find important details and then analysed according to the code-switching theories as the topic discussion.

Discussion
Here are the analysis regarding the types and functions of code switching found in the dialog of the characters in the novel The Player.

A. Types of Code Switching 1. Inter-sentential switching
From the analysis, inter-sentential switching was found occurs 9 times in the novel The Player by Aliazalea. According to Hoffman (1991), this is a type of switching in which alternation of language occurs between two or more sentences. The sentences are delivered in different languages. Here is a data as example: Hanna: "What are you, four years old?" Pierre: "I'm twenty-four" Hanna: "Then act like it. Sakit sedikit aja, udah teriak-teriak." Pierre: "Apa lo pernah jatuh dan kena tulang ekor lo?" (p.76) Translation: Hanna: "What are you, four years old?" Pierre: "I'm twenty-four" Hanna: "Then act like it. It just hurt a little, and you already screaming." Pierre: "Have you fall and hurt your tailbone?" This conversation occurs between Hanna and Pierre after Pierre's accident. Pierre fell from the chair and caused a bruise on his tailbone. Hanna, who came after hearing the commotion, wanted to check on Pierre's bruises. She deliberately pressed Pierre's bruises and caused him to scream in pain. Hanna grumbled saying Pierre was like a four-year old which he refuted by mentioning his real age. Hanna then responded by saying "Then act like it. Sakit sedikit aja, udah teriak-teriak." In the utterance delivered by Hanna, there is a language switch from English to Indonesian. Hanna and Pierre used English during the conversation, including when she scolded him to acting according to his age, then continued with the sentence in Indonesian "Sakit sedikit aja, udah teriak-teriak" as an expression of Hanna's complaint over Pierre's reaction which was considered overreacting. This kind of switching could be categorized as inter-sentential switching as the switch occurs between the sentences. In the first sentence, Hanna used English as the conversation started in English. In the second sentence, Hanna switched her language from English to Indonesian to expressed her annoyance.

Intra-sentential switching
This type of switching was found to be the most frequently used in this novel, it occurs 15 times. Hoffman (1991) stated that this switching occurs within the sentence, where the lexical item in one language is inserted together with lexical item with another language in one sentence. Here is a data as example: Hanna: "Sorbet mangga? Anak kecil mana yang suka sorbet mangga?" Pierre: "Gue suka sorbet mangga. Itu es krim favorit gue dari kecil sampai sekarang." Hanna: "Kamu tahu kan itu nggak lazim?" Pierre: "I'm half French, kami dilahirkan menjadi sedikit tidak lazim." (p.62)

Translation:
Hanna: "Mango sorbet? Which little kid likes mango sorbet?" Pierre: "I like mango sorbet. That's my favorite ice cream since I was little until now." Hanna: "You know it's unusual, right?" Pierre: "I'm half French, we were born to be a little unusual." This conversation happened when Hanna forbade Pierre to lower the display of swords hanging above the room's door. Pierre with annoyance said that it was impossible, the same as putting mango sorbet in front of a child and forbidding them to eat it. He also stated that it is his favorite ice cream. Hanna https://smarteducenter.org/index.php/Loquela/index Volume 1 Number 2 2023 E-ISSN: 2987-0992 responded to this fact by saying that it was unusual. Pierre responded by saying "I'm half French, kami dilahirkan menjadi sedikit tidak lazim." In this conversation, the code switching occurred in Pierre's utterance when Pierre and Hanna were talking about his unusual taste. He said the first clause in English, "I'm half French,", then continued in Indonesian, "kami dilahirkan menjadi sedikit tidak lazim." The alteration happened within one sentence. Therefore, it classified as intra-sentential switching. Pierre conveyed his utterance in English in the first clause to emphasize what he said that he is half French, then continued in Indonesian within one sentence to conveyed his opinion saying that French was born to be a little unusual.

Emblematic switching
This type of switching was found 11 times. This switching occurs as tags, exclamation, or certain set phrases in one language inserted in a sentence with different language as stated by Hoffman (1991). In particular, various expressions of exclamation were found in this novel. Here is a data as example: Andrei: "So, lo dipasangin sama Hanna ya?" Pierre: "Pasangin?" Andrei: "Iya, di wedding party ini kan semuanya berpasangan." (p.47)

Translation:
Andrei: "So, you are paired with Hana?" Pierre: "Paired?" Andrei: "Yes, at this party everyone is in pairs." This conversation occured on the plane that takes Pierre and the other characters to the city where Adam and Zi's wedding is located. On the plane, Pierre sat next to Andrei. They had small talk before Andrei asked Pierre, "So, lo dipasangin sama Hanna ya?" Andrei was asking in Indonesian. The switching was found from the tag "So", followed by the utterance conveyed in Indonesian "lo dipasangin sama Hanna ya?". This switch could be categorized as emblematic switching since he used interjection in one language and continued the sentence in another language. In the conversation, Andrei tried to attract and get Pierre's attention get Andrei's attention. Andrei was shocked before and Hanna expressed her reaction in order to make Andrei focus on what she wanted to convey.

Message qualification
This type of function appeared in 3 codes switching. This function implied the switching as a qualification message to the main message. The main message is delivered in one language and then switches the next utterance to another language in order to qualify the main message. Here is a data as an example: Pierre: "Bisa gak lo bantu gue berdiri dulu baru ngomel lagi?" Hanna: "Kamu yang bikin diri kamu jatuh, jadi kamu bisa berdiri sendiri juga." Pierre: "Aku perlu bantuan, I think I broke something." (p.76) Translation: Pierre: "Can you help me stand up before nagging again?" Hanna: "You make yourself fell, so you can stand up alone too." Pierre: "I need help, I think I broke something." The situation that occurred in this conversation was Pierre lying on the floor after falling from the chair trying to pick up the sword display above the bedroom door. Hanna, who had stopped Pierre, refused to help Pierre to his feet. Pierre who was having a hard time then asked for help by saying "Aku perlu bantuan, I think I broke something." The function of this code switching uttered by Pierre is message qualification since he conveyed the main message in Indonesian by saying "Aku perlu bantuan" then continued the commented part, "I think I broke something", in other language that is English.

Personalization
This type of function became the most frequently implied in the code switching that occurred in the novel. It implies in 5 codes switching. Personalization showed the function of code switching as the degree of involvement by the speaker, whether it reflected personal opinion or knowledge and whether it referred to a specific instance. Here is a data as an example: